Lapwing chick welfare depends on invertebrate prey availability, weather conditions, and protection from agricultural machinery during their vulnerable flightless period.
Lapwing chicks face acute welfare threats from agricultural operations during their flightless period. A tractor cutting silage or applying slurry can kill entire broods. Cold wet weather during chick development reduces food availability that affects growth and survival. Farm management measures including delaying operations in known nesting fields and maintaining wet grass areas provide direct welfare benefit for individual chicks.