A final synthesis of the relationship between pig welfare and ecosystem services, showing how aligned outcomes can drive welfare improvement.
The convergence of pig welfare and ecosystem service provision creates the strongest possible market and policy case for welfare investment. When welfare improvement simultaneously delivers soil health, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration benefits, the economic case extends far beyond welfare premium pricing alone. This convergence is not universal - not all welfare improvements deliver ecosystem services - but where it exists, it creates aligned incentives that accelerate welfare improvement beyond what welfare motivation alone achieves.