Evidence-based information about farmed mussel welfare: sentience uncertainty and best practice for animal welfare improvement.
Mussels lack a centralised brain but possess ganglia and nerve fibres that may mediate nociceptive responses. The welfare capacity of bivalves is genuinely uncertain and the subject of active scientific debate. Applying a precautionary welfare principle to billions of farmed individuals is prudent - this means avoiding unnecessary physical trauma during harvesting and processing while acknowledging the uncertainty.