Evidence-based information about uk avocet winter flocks: estuary ecology and site fidelity for animal welfare improvement.
Wintering avocets in cold weather must maintain high feeding rates to meet thermoregulatory demands. Disturbance from recreational activity that interrupts feeding during cold snaps causes energy deficits. Key wintering sites including the Exe Estuary and Poole Harbour support thousands of avocets that depend on consistent access to mudflat invertebrate prey.