Overview of welfare science for aquatic invertebrates including crustaceans and cephalopods.
Aquatic invertebrate welfare represents an expanding frontier in animal welfare science and law. Evidence for pain and sentience in decapods and cephalopods has motivated legal changes in several countries, with the UK's inclusion of decapods in welfare legislation being a landmark. Commercial fishing and aquaculture of these species continue largely without welfare standards, representing a major gap.