Overview of global cattle trade welfare issues and the challenge of maintaining standards across borders.
Cattle welfare in global trade involves acute welfare problems from live export and systemic challenges of maintaining welfare standards across diverse regulatory contexts. Live export for slaughter exposes cattle to welfare risks that domestically slaughtered animals would not face. Supply chain traceability and certification are tools for welfare verification. Trade agreements with welfare conditionality offer long-term policy solutions. Consumer campaign focus on live export has achieved legislative changes in some countries.