Overview of pregnancy toxaemia welfare in sheep and evidence-based prevention approaches.
Sheep pregnancy toxaemia welfare requires prevention-focused management during late pregnancy through appropriate nutrition for ewes identified as carrying multiple lambs. Scanning enables identification of ewes with twins and triplets who have higher nutritional requirements. Body condition management from mating through late pregnancy provides the foundation for toxaemia prevention. Early detection through daily monitoring during the high-risk pre-lambing period enables timely treatment that dramatically improves welfare outcomes.