Welfare Science

Primate Research Ethics and Welfare

Non-human primates are used in biomedical research due to their physiological similarity to humans, but their cognitive and social complexity makes their use particularly ethically challenging.

Key Facts

Around 80,000 non-human primates are used in research annually in Europe and USA
Macaques are most commonly used, followed by marmosets and other New World primates
Chimpanzee use in research is now banned in USA and severely restricted elsewhere
Social housing for primates is increasingly required rather than individual caging
Primate research generates significant scientific knowledge particularly in neuroscience and vaccine development

Welfare Considerations

Primate research welfare requires sophisticated environmental enrichment, social housing, and positive reinforcement training for research procedures. The ethical justification requires genuine necessity, evidence of 3Rs application, and ongoing welfare monitoring. Protocols should be regularly reviewed for replacement opportunities.

What You Can Do

Support NC3Rs and Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy primate research reform
Advocate for social housing and enrichment requirements in all primate research regulations
Engage critically with the evidence on primate research necessity for specific research areas