Keel bone fractures affect a majority of laying hens in cage-free and free-range systems, causing chronic pain and representing one of the most significant welfare problems in egg production.
Keel bone fracture welfare in cage-free systems is a major concern that cannot be ignored in advocating for cage-free as superior welfare. The best systems minimise fractures through breed selection, perch design, and management. Consumer education about this issue improves demand for genuinely high welfare eggs.