Hen harrier brood size and chick welfare depend on prey availability, with vole cycles creating boom-bust dynamics in chick survival.
Hen harrier chick welfare depends on prey provisioning by males across potentially multiple nests. Food-scarce years produce starvation of smaller chicks in large broods. The welfare and conservation challenges are inseparable - each chick that starves is both a welfare cost and a population loss in a critically small population.