Artificial reefs created from sunken ships, concrete structures, and purpose-built modules attract marine life but raise questions about animal welfare in novel habitats.
Artificial reef welfare is predominantly positive — these structures create habitat in areas of barren seafloor, supporting fish, invertebrates, and the predators they attract. The welfare of animals using artificial reefs is generally better than in areas without reef structure, given the shelter, feeding habitat, and social complexity that reef structures provide. However, artificial reefs made from contaminated materials can expose animals to toxins that compromise health. Purpose-built structures designed for specific species behavioral needs — shelter dimensions, surface texture, material safety — produce better welfare outcomes than opportunistic reef creation from industrial waste.