Providing safe outdoor enrichment for cats addresses their need for natural behaviour expression while managing the risks of free-roaming that cause significant mortality and injury.
Cats have evolved as active predators with needs for territory, exploration, and complex sensory environments. Confining cats without enrichment or outdoor access can cause chronic frustration and anxiety. However, free-roaming carries severe mortality risks. The catio model represents the best welfare compromise, allowing fresh air, sensory stimulation, and space without traffic exposure.