The welfare debate around indoor versus outdoor cats involves balancing natural behaviour expression against predation, road mortality, and disease risks — evidence guides nuanced decisions.
Both indoor restriction and outdoor access carry welfare costs. Indoor cats denied hunting opportunities show frustration and stereotypic behaviour. Outdoor cats face road mortality, cat fights, poisoning, and disease. Enriched indoor environments with puzzle feeders, climbing structures, and social interaction can provide high welfare. Catio enclosures and leash training offer intermediate solutions.