Keeping bulls entire rather than castrating improves feed efficiency but creates welfare challenges from intraspecific aggression and mounting behaviour.
Bull beef production involves balancing welfare costs and benefits. Castration itself causes acute and chronic pain, but entire bulls experience higher rates of fighting and mounting injuries. Group stability, adequate space, consistent group composition and supplementary enrichment are critical welfare management tools. Stress at housing, mixing and loading is also elevated in entire males. Skilled stockmanship is essential for safe and welfare-positive bull beef management.