Bovine Heat Stress: Management and Welfare 2025

Overview: Updated 2025 welfare review of heat stress in cattle, an increasingly significant welfare challenge with climate change.

Key Welfare Facts

Heat stress in dairy cows reduces milk yield, reproductive performance, and immune function significantly.
Temperature-humidity index above 72 causes measurable welfare compromise in high-producing dairy cows.
Shade provision reduces heat load by up to 30% and is among the highest-impact welfare interventions.
Sprinkler and fan systems in milking areas and cubicle sheds provide effective cooling at manageable cost.
Heat stress suppresses feed intake; dietary energy density management maintains welfare during hot periods.
Climate change is extending the duration and intensity of heat stress periods, making adaptation planning essential.

Welfare Assessment

Bovine heat stress is a significant and growing welfare challenge requiring proactive infrastructure investment. Shade, ventilation, and cooling systems protect welfare during heat events that are increasing in frequency and severity with climate change.

What You Can Do

Provide natural or artificial shade in all grazing paddocks used during summer periods
Install sprinkler and fan systems in milking parlours and housing areas used during hot weather
Monitor temperature-humidity index daily and implement welfare protocols above threshold values
Develop a long-term heat stress adaptation plan with your vet and farm consultant