Bulls used for natural mating in beef herds have specific welfare needs and face occupational health risks that require management.
Bull welfare encompasses physical soundness for serving, freedom from injury during mating, and appropriate social management. Overuse of serving bulls causes physical exhaustion and reduced libido. Penis injuries during mating require veterinary treatment and rest. Foot problems in bulls reduce serving performance and cause chronic pain. Social management of bulls outside the breeding season requires attention to prevent fighting injuries when groups are formed. Young bulls placed with too many cows develop serving reluctance and physical condition loss. Breeding soundness evaluation before each season identifies problems before welfare deterioration affects both the bull and the herd's reproductive performance.