Cubicle design in housed dairy systems critically determines whether cows can lie down, rise, and rest comfortably, with major welfare implications.
Cows that cannot access well-designed cubicles suffer from sleep deprivation, musculoskeletal strain, and increased lameness risk. Perching on the edge of cubicles causes hock injuries and contributes to hoof disorders. Inadequate lying time increases cortisol and reduces milk production, creating an economic and welfare case for cubicle investment. Regular stall assessment and renovation pays dividends in cow health and comfort.