Modern dairy cattle genetics drive extreme milk yields but create health and welfare problems. Breed selection balancing production and welfare is an emerging industry priority.
Dairy cattle genetics now strongly influence welfare outcomes through associations between high-production traits and disease susceptibility. Cows selected primarily for maximum milk yield have compromised immune function, reproductive efficiency, and physical robustness. Genomic breeding values that include health and longevity traits alongside production allow progressive improvement. Some countries including New Zealand and Scandinavia have moved toward lower-production but healthier genetics. Consumer pressure for welfare-positive dairy products can drive genetic selection emphasis toward welfare as well as production.