The period from weaning to first service in dairy heifers is critical for long-term productivity and welfare, yet often receives less management attention than adult cows.
Young cattle in poorly managed rearing systems experience nutritional stress, social deprivation, and health challenges that create welfare costs extending into adult life. Chronic undernutrition suppresses immune function and delays development. Social isolation in individual pens during the post-weaning period causes behavioural impairment. Welfare-focused heifer rearing provides group housing, balanced nutrition, and regular health monitoring to ensure young stock reach their developmental potential with minimal welfare compromise.