Zero-grazing dairy systems in Kenya confine cattle permanently in small stalls, raising significant welfare concerns around movement restriction, lameness, and social needs.
Permanently confined dairy cattle are deprived of natural locomotion, grazing, and social interaction with non-family members. Lameness rates in zero-grazing systems can exceed 30% where flooring is poorly managed. Stereotypic behaviours including bar-biting and tongue-rolling indicate chronic frustration. Heat stress is common where shade and ventilation are inadequate. Welfare improvements are possible with rubber matting, improved ventilation, and social housing.