Livestock

Dairy Cow Welfare in Zero-Grazing Systems

Zero-grazing and indoor dairy systems prevent cows from expressing grazing, walking, and social behaviour — welfare science shows significant costs to physical and psychological health.

Key Facts

Up to 50% of EU dairy cows are housed year-round in some countries
Grazing cows show lower lameness, better hoof condition, and lower cortisol
Cows show strong motivation to access pasture, working for it repeatedly
Zero-grazing is expanding globally due to intensification pressure
The UK has higher grazing rates than continental Europe

Welfare Considerations

Permanent housing prevents cows from grazing — a behaviour they are strongly motivated to perform. Restriction causes frustration and reduces positive welfare states. Lameness rates are higher in zero-grazing systems due to hard flooring, and mastitis rates are often elevated. Social instability from frequent group changes adds psychological stress. Pasture access is a proven welfare intervention with measurable benefits.

What You Can Do

Choose pasture-raised or Pasture Promise certified dairy products
Support grazing standards in national dairy welfare codes
Advocate for EU common agricultural policy to incentivise grazing
Reduce dairy consumption or shift to higher-welfare certified sources