Ducks farmed commercially are often denied access to open water for bathing and swimming, causing severe welfare deficits for a species whose biology is highly dependent on water contact.
Ducks are highly motivated to bathe and preen using open water — deprivation causes severe frustration and is measurable through preference tests. Without water immersion, bill cleaning is impaired, leading to bill tip injuries and nasal blockages. Feather condition deteriorates without bathing access, compromising thermoregulation. Ducks provided with open drinkers, channels, or splash pads show dramatically reduced stress behaviours and improved health outcomes. Welfare improvement costs are manageable with appropriate system design.