Dairy goats (Capra hircus) are the world's most widely kept dairy animals, yet their welfare is often overlooked compared to cattle. Milking frequency, social management, and housing conditions significantly affect their physical and psychological wellbeing.
The transition from kid-rearing to machine milking is one of the most stressful periods for dairy does. Immediate separation from kids causes vocalisation, pacing, and elevated cortisol for 24-72 hours. Research shows that extended suckling or delayed separation reduces these responses. Milking frequency affects udder health: twice-daily milking reduces mastitis risk compared to once-daily, but total milking time must be managed to avoid teat-end damage. Housing goats in stable social groups with adequate space, browse access, and elevated resting platforms addresses their ethological needs.