Understanding the complex welfare trade-offs of farrowing crates — sow restriction versus piglet mortality.
Farrowing crates represent one of the most contentious welfare trade-offs in intensive pig production. The system protects piglets from crushing (a significant welfare harm and productivity loss) but at the cost of profound sow welfare restriction. Sows in farrowing crates cannot turn around, cannot build nests, and cannot express the full range of maternal behaviours. The frustration of thwarted nesting behaviour immediately pre-farrowing is a significant welfare concern.
The welfare case against farrowing crates is substantial. Sows spend 4+ weeks in the crate for each litter, unable to move freely. Muscle weakness from disuse, pressure sores, and the psychological stress of confinement represent chronic welfare impairment. Research has demonstrated that sows in free-farrowing systems are behaviourally better off even accounting for piglet loss.
Free-farrowing systems with appropriate design (freedom frames, loose housing with protective rails) can achieve piglet mortality rates comparable to crates with skilled stockmanship. The welfare of both sow and piglets can be better served by well-managed free-farrowing than by crate confinement.