Gestation crates confine pregnant sows in individual stalls too narrow for turning, causing severe welfare compromise, with group housing alternatives demonstrably superior for sow welfare.
Gestation crates impose severe, prolonged welfare restriction on pregnant sows. Inability to turn around, walk, or express any natural behaviour for months causes profound physical and psychological suffering. Muscle atrophy from immobility, lameness from hard concrete flooring, and stereotypic behaviours from frustration all document the welfare cost. Group housing with electronic sow feeders demonstrates that commercial pig production can meet sow welfare needs without sacrificing productivity. Countries and companies that have transitioned to group housing demonstrate that the change is achievable and welfare-positive.