Space allowance for gestating sows directly affects their ability to express normal behaviour and avoid chronic stress. Higher space standards improve welfare outcomes measurably.
Sow gestation welfare is significantly influenced by space allowance beyond the legal minimum. At 2.25 square metres, sows cannot all lie simultaneously without contact, and subordinate animals cannot avoid dominant pen-mates. Aggression rates are measurably lower at 3 square metres, and feeding competition is reduced at this space, allowing more equitable food distribution. High-welfare standards requiring 4 square metres provide sufficient space for normal locomotion behaviour and social distance maintenance, substantially improving welfare outcomes.