Orphan lambs reared artificially without ewe contact face social deprivation, abnormal behaviour development and stress if protocols are not carefully managed.
Artificially reared lambs deprived of ewe contact and peer interaction develop behavioural abnormalities including abnormal social bonding and fearfulness. Group rearing with automated feeders that allow ad-lib access substantially improves outcomes. The transition from milk to solid feed is a critical welfare period: abrupt weaning causes distress and growth checks, while gradual reduction supports better adjustment.