Commercial turkeys are highly susceptible to heat stress due to their large body mass and limited thermoregulatory capacity, creating welfare emergencies in warm weather.
Turkeys experiencing heat stress exhibit panting, wing spreading, and reduced activity. Severe cases lead to cardiovascular failure and death. Chronic mild heat stress reduces feed intake, immune function, and welfare quality of life. Crowded, poorly ventilated sheds amplify heat stress risk. Welfare strategies include tunnel ventilation, evaporative cooling, reduced stocking density, and access to cool water during hot weather.