Dunlins are among the most numerous estuarine wading birds, but wintering habitat loss and disturbance threaten their welfare and survival.
Dunlin welfare during winter depends critically on uninterrupted access to intertidal feeding habitat. Disturbance events — from dogs, kite surfers, and walkers — cause energy-costly flight responses that reduce time budget for feeding. Over winter, marginal energy deficits can lead to poor body condition and reduced survival. Managed access zones and sensitive recreation planning around key roost and feeding sites directly improve wintering welfare.