Spain holds Europe's largest griffon vulture population and the species faces both welfare successes from conservation and ongoing challenges from wind energy development and food safety regulations.
Wind turbine collisions cause fatal injuries to griffon vultures, with welfare impacts including blunt trauma and internal injuries. Food shortages following livestock carcass disposal regulations forced vultures to expand their range and take live prey, causing conflict with farmers and regulatory pressure. Supplementary feeding stations (muladares) have been critical to maintaining populations during food shortage periods.