The little owl, introduced to the UK in the 19th century, is now a familiar farmland species whose welfare depends on access to invertebrate-rich pasture, old buildings for nesting, and freedom from predation and persecution.
Key Facts
Little owls are the smallest owl species breeding in the UK, at about 21-23 cm length
They hunt earthworms, beetles, small mammals, and birds, foraging on the ground
Populations have declined by around 50% since the 1970s, linked to intensification of agriculture
They nest in tree hollows, old buildings, and hay bales, requiring traditional farm structures
Little owls are largely nocturnal but also hunt during daylight hours
Welfare Considerations
Little owls face welfare challenges from the loss of rough grassland and permanent pasture containing the earthworm and invertebrate prey they depend on. Pesticide use reduces invertebrate availability directly. Old farm buildings and mature hedgerow trees that provide nest sites are being lost through agricultural modernisation. Road casualties are a significant mortality source. Conservation of traditional farmland habitats and infrastructure is essential for maintaining conditions in which individual little owls can meet their foraging and nesting needs.
What You Can Do
Install little owl nest boxes in appropriate rural locations following RSPB guidance
Maintain areas of rough, tussocky grassland on holdings to support invertebrate prey
Reduce pesticide use to support the ground invertebrate community little owls depend on
Report little owl sightings to local recording groups to inform conservation planning