Mandarin ducks are a naturalised UK species originating from escaped captives, with small populations in southern English woodland requiring nest boxes and clean water for continued welfare and survival.
Ducklings that leap from high nest holes face impact injuries if landing sites are inadequate. Predation by foxes and mink during the vulnerable ground-dwelling period after fledging is a significant mortality cause. Nest box provision in areas lacking natural tree holes dramatically improves breeding success. Pollution of woodland streams reduces invertebrate prey and water clarity. Mandarin ducks in captivity require appropriate nest sites, clean water for bathing, and social housing — solitary captive birds show stereotypic behaviours indicating poor welfare.