Muntjac deer, introduced from China in the early 20th century, have spread across much of England and Wales and have significant impacts on woodland ground flora and invertebrate communities.
Muntjac require management to prevent overgrazing of woodland understory that harms both the deer through starvation and the woodland ecosystem. As a non-native invasive species their welfare must be balanced against ecological impact. Humane culling using appropriate firearms maintains population health and habitat quality.