Wild pollinators beyond honeybees face compound pressures from pesticide exposure, habitat loss and disease. Their welfare — insofar as it can be meaningfully assessed — deserves greater policy attention.
Pollinators exposed to pesticide mixtures in agricultural settings experience navigation impairment, foraging deficit and reduced reproductive success. Sub-lethal exposure — the most common field exposure — causes chronic welfare impairment without immediate death. The combined effect of pesticide exposure, habitat loss and disease represents a welfare and ecological emergency for wild pollinators that current policy has not adequately addressed.