Sand lizards are one of only three native lizard species in the UK and are restricted to heathland habitats in England. Loss of heathland to development and scrub encroachment has reduced their range by over 90% in the 20th century.
Sand lizards in declining and fragmented heathland populations experience reduced mate availability, increased inbreeding, and compromised immune function. Females that cannot find bare sand for egg-laying must retain eggs, causing welfare compromise and reduced hatching success. Reintroduction programs have welfare implications during capture, transport, and establishment at new sites, requiring careful planning.